Alzheimer's Disease
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Facts about Alzheimer’s Disease:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disease
of the brain, which causes thinking and memory to become seriously
impaired. It is the most common form of dementia. (Dementia is a
syndrome consisting of a number of symptoms that include loss of
memory, judgment and reasoning, and changes in mood, behaviour and
communication abilities.
AD begins slowly. It first involves the parts of the brain that
control thought, memory and language. People with AD may have
trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people
they know. Over time, symptoms get worse. People may not recognize
family members or have trouble speaking, reading or writing. They
may forget how to brush their teeth or comb their hair. Later on,
they may become anxious or aggressive, or wander away from home.
Eventually, they need total care. This can cause great stress for
family members who must care for them.
AD usually begins after age 60. The risk goes up as you get
older. Your risk is also higher if a family member has had the
disease.
Sources:
MedlinePlus:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html
AlzheimerSociety:
http://www.alzheimer.ca/english/disease/whatisit-intro.htm
What are the causes of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Scientists do not yet fully understand what causes Alzheimer's
disease. There probably is not one single cause, but several factors
that affect each person differently. Age is the most important known
risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The number of people with the
disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65. Furthermore, scientists
are looking at three areas:
Family history - For a few families, there is a definite
connection between family history and Alzheimer's disease. While for
others, a family history of Alzheimer's disease puts them at greater
risk than someone with no family history. Though knowledge in this
area is growing, the connection to heredity is not fully understood.
The external environment - The cause of Alzheimer's disease
may be in our environment -- perhaps something in the water, soil or
air.
The internal environment - Alzheimer's disease may be caused
by something within the body. It could be a slow virus, an imbalance
of chemicals or a problem with the immune system.
Researchers today believe there is no single cause of Alzheimer's
disease. Instead, they believe it is caused by a combination of
factors. There is still much that we don't know about the disease,
but researchers continue to look for causes.
Sources:
PsychCentral:
http://psychcentral.com/disorders/alzheimers/alz_causes.htm
Alzheimer.ca:
http://www.alzheimer.ca/english/disease/causes-intro.htm
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?
The onset and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are usually very
slow and gradual, seldom occurring before the age of 65. It occurs
in the following three stages:
Stage 1: forgetfulness, poor insight, mild difficulties with
word-finding, personality changes, difficulties with calculations,
losing or misplacing things, repetition of questions or statements
and a minor degree of disorientation
Stage 2: memory worsens, words are used more and more
inappropriately, basic self-care skills are lost, personality
changes, agitation develops, can't recognize distant family or
friends, has difficulty communicating, wanders off, becomes deluded
and may experience hallucinations
Stage 3: bedridden, incontinent, uncomprehending and mute
Early Alzheimer's symptoms progress slowly, diagnosis is often
delayed. People developing the condition may be frighteningly aware
of their problems — but careful to keep them hidden, refusing to see
a doctor. As a result, even their families may fail to see what's
going on. When the signs and symptoms are too obvious to miss, those
closest to the person often realize that similar — but less severe —
difficulties have been present for years.
Sources:
HealthScout:
http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/100/main.html#SymptomsofAlzheimer
MayoClinic:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161/DSECTION=symptoms
What treatments are available for Alzheimer’s Disease?
No treatment has been proven to stop AD. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration has approved four drugs to treat AD. These drugs work
by regulating neurotransmitters, the chemicals that transmit
messages between neurons. They also may help maintain thinking,
memory, and speaking skills and may help with certain behavioral
problems.
Other medicines may ease the behavioral symptoms of
AD—sleeplessness, agitation, wandering, anxiety, anger, and
depression. Treating these symptoms often makes patients more
comfortable and makes their care easier for caregivers.
No published study directly compares the four approved AD drugs.
Because they work in a similar way, it is not expected that
switching from one of these drugs to another will produce
significantly different results. However, an AD patient may respond
better to one drug than another.
Aricept, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is the most widely used
drug for Alzheimer's disease. Cholinesterase inhibitors stop the
breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical in the brain used for memory
and other mental functions.These types of medications help increase
the levels of acetylcholine. In Alzheimer’s disease there is a
deficiency in acetlycholine in some areas of the brain, which
accounts for some of the symptoms of the disease.
Exelon and Razadyne (formerly Reminyl). These newer drugs
also work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. They are
most effective when given in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's
disease.
Namenda is prescribed to treat moderate-to-severe
Alzheimer's. Namenda works by a different mechanism than
other Alzheimer's treatments; it is thought to play a protective
role in the brain by regulating a chemical called glutamate.
Cognex, a cholinesterase inhibitor, also works by slowing the
breakdown of acetylcholine. Side effects of the drug include nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, skin rash, and indigestion. In
addition, Cognex may cause liver damage, so your doctor will
need to perform tests regularly to monitor liver function and make
sure this isn't happening.
Exelon, Razadyne, and Cognex seem to help only
those with mild or moderate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Aricept
is approved by the FDA to treat all stages of Alzheimer’s disease:
mild, moderate, and severe. Namenda is prescribed for
patients who have moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's. In addition to
these medicines, the American Academy of Neurology has stated that
vitamin E supplements (alpha-tocopherol) likely delay the time to
clinical worsening in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Sources:
WebMD:
http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/guide/treatment-overview?page=2
National Institute on Aging:
http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/AlzheimersInformation/Treatment/
HerbaCall Alzheimer’s Disease Testimonials:
- Unfortunately, no products can be
specifically recommended for the prevention of Alzheimer's
disease (dementia), but products such as Optimum Cellular
Nutrition and
Niteworks
can be recommended.
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